Power grids everywhere are absorbing more and more renewable energy, and that shift is not without growing pains — stability, reliability, and day-to-day operational efficiency all come under pressure once solar and wind start to dominate the generation mix. This paper sets out a hybrid energy management strategy (HEMS) built for smart grids that combine photovoltaic arrays, wind turbines, battery storage, and a diesel generator kept in reserve for backup, layering model predictive control (MPC), a rule-based decision layer, and a fuzzy logic coordinator to dispatch power in real time while keeping both cost and emissions down. Tested over a full simulated year on a 100 kW pilot microgrid representative of Libya's arid climate, the HEMS reached a renewable utilization rate of 91.7%, cut annual operating costs by 37.5%, and reduced CO₂ emissions by 28.4 tons per year, while holding a grid reliability index of 99.1%.
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